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Reduced affect display refers to reduced emotional reactivity in an individual. It manifests as a failure to express feelings either verbally or non-verbally, especially when talking about issues that would normally be expected to engage the emotions. Expressive gestures are rare and there is little animation in facial expression or vocal inflection. Reduced affect can be symptomatic of schizophrenia, depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, depersonalization disorder,〔Ackner B. (1954): ''Depersonalisation: I. Aetiology and phenomenology.'' In: Journal of Mental Science, vol. 100, p. 838–853.〕〔Saperstein J.L. (1949): ''Phenomena of depersonalization.'' In: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, vol. 110, p. 236–251.〕〔Sierra M., Berrios G.E. (2001): ''The Phenomenological Stability of Depersonalization: Comparing the Old with the New.'' In: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases, vol. 189, p. 629–636〕 or brain damage. It may also be a side effect of certain medications (e.g., antipsychotics〔https://www.inkling.com/read/lippincotts-pharmacology-harvey-champe-5th/chapter-13/iii--antipsychotic-drugs〕 and antidepressants〔http://bjp.rcpsych.org/content/195/3/211〕). Individuals with blunted or flat affect show different regional brain activity when compared with healthy individuals. Blunted affect is a lack of affect more severe than restricted or constricted affect, but less severe than flat or flattened affect. "The difference between flat and blunted affect is in degree. A person with flat affect has no or nearly no emotional expression. He or she may not react at all to circumstances that usually evoke strong emotions in others. A person with blunted affect, on the other hand, has a significantly reduced intensity in emotional expression".〔A. Tasman/W. K. Mohn, ''Fundamentals of Psychiatry'' (2011) Section 25.2.3〕 Reduced affect should be distinguished from apathy, which explicitly refers to a lack of emotion, whereas reduced affect is a lack of emotional expression regardless of whether emotion is actually reduced. ==Assessment== In making assessments of mood and affect the clinician is cautioned that "it is important to keep in mind that demonstrative expression can be influenced by cultural differences, medication, or situational factors";〔 while the layperson is warned to beware of applying the criterion lightly to "friends, otherwise (or she ) is likely to make false judgments, in view of the prevalence of schizoid and cyclothymic personalities in our 'normal' population, and our () tendency to psychological hypochondriasis". R. D. Laing in particular stressed that "such 'clinical' categories as schizoid, autistic, 'impoverished' affect ... all presuppose that there are reliable, valid impersonal criteria for making attributions about the other person's relation to (or her ) actions. There are no such reliable or valid criteria". 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Reduced affect display」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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